Sea Ponies
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Generation 1
Sea Ponies in G1 are a lot like sea horses but with pony heads. They do not have standard Cutie Marks like other ponies, but the Sea Sparkle babies have similar images on their chests. They do not usually have magic abilities, even in their toys' backcard stories which is unusual. In Rescue at Midnight Castle they are capable of creating air bubbles large and strong enough to carry a full grown pony. In most animated media they are playful, have a penchant for music and are often around to assist the other ponies with their issues. They do not appear in MLP Tales and I don't know much about them in the comics, so any info on that is appreciated!
Generation 3
Sea Ponies do not appear in G3, but there is a piece of concept art of ponies with fish tails labeled "Sea Ponies (Sea Horses)", suggesting that Hasbro considered bringing them back at some point. Near the generation's end we would get small figures of ponies with similar fish tails, but they are referred to as mermaids.
Generation 4
The primary type of Sea Pony in G4 looks more like a hippocampus than G1's sea horses, and they live in the underwater kingdom of Seaquestria led by Queen Novo. They used to be hippogriffs, but transformed themselves and went underwater to hide from the Storm King. After his defeat, some Sea Ponies returned to being hippogriffs, some stayed as Sea Ponies and some switch between the two forms. They each wear a necklace containing a piece of a magic pearl that allows them to transform. Sea Ponies do not have Cutie Marks, but when standard ponies transform into Sea Ponies, their Cutie Mark appears on their back fin. Transformed ponies retain their upper bodies and hooves, unicorns retain their horns and pegasi and alicorn wings turn into wing-like fins.
The picture book Under the Sparkling Sea, released before the introduction of Sea Ponies to the cartoon, features Sea Ponies much more similar to those in G1, looking a lot more like seahorses with two large translucent fins. They live alongside mermares in the kingdom of Aquastria led by King Leo.
Generation 5
There are two types of Seaponies in G5, those in the cartoon continuity and those in the comic continuity.
Seaponies in the cartoon live in the Jade Sea. They look like hippocampi very akin to those in G4, but they don't seem to have any relation to hippogriffs. Seaponies in G5 have Cutie Marks on their back fin. There is concept art of what regular ponies transformed into Seaponies would look like, getting fin-like ears and flippers instead of hooves. Unicorns keep their horns but pegasi lose their wings in favour of the standard fins that all Sea Ponies have. Their fins and tails are translucent and sparkly.
Seaponies in the comics live in the Sparkling Sea led by Queen Cala Lily, the only remaining of seven kingdoms once kept stable by seven magical anchors. They can look like any underwater creature, just with a pony-like head and arm-like flippers. This means everything from sharks to octopi. Transformed Seaponies feature the same variety, from sea horses to eels, but they keep their hooves and ears unlike in the cartoon.