Pegasi
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Generation 1
Pegasus Ponies were one of the first species introduced and one of the three main species across the franchise. G1 has a lot of canonicities, so what Pegasus Ponies are like and what they can do varies by source.
On the toy backcards, Pegasus Ponies have magic like all other types of ponies. Whatever type of random magic you can think of, they can probably do it. Of course they can also fly, which most other species tend not to do.
Pegasus Ponies in MLP 'n Friends don't have the ability to do magic, but are able to fly over the rainbow to the human world. Like all little ponies, they have magic hair that regrows quickly when cut.
Several ponies with wings appear in one episode of MLP Tales, a show otherwise dominated by earth ponies. They come from a far off land and can glow, but don't seem to be able to do magic. Unlike other G1 pegasi, their wings are large and bicoloured.
I don't know much about G1 comics so any info is appreciated!
Generation 2
G2 didn't really have a proper pegasus species, but it did have several individual instances of ponies with wings.
Princess Twinkle Star was a toy earth pony with clip-on butterfly-like wings. Her backcard describes her has having wings that appear when people wish on stars.
A couple ponies with wings appear in the comics. Wingsong, whose toy is an earth pony, appears to always have wings, though she is never described as a pegasus by name. Moonshadow is usually an earth pony but can sprout wings very similar to Wingsong's.
A third appearance of a pegasus in the G2 style comes in the form of a few baby pegasi on the cover of a DVD of G1 episodes. These ponies do not appear anywhere else.
Generation 3
Pegasus Ponies in G3 live through the Rainbow Waterfall on Butterfly Island. They are very shy, but also very curious, and they love ice cream. They make promises by twisting their tails together.
Starcatcher is a fairly unique pegasus with larger, coloured wings and pink markings. A couple Pegasus Ponies that look similar to Starcatcher appear on one page of the picture book "Wishes Do Come True!".
In G3.5 we only see one Pegasus, Starcatcher, who has smaller, patterned, slightly transparent wings and lives in Ponyville.
Generation 4
Pegasi in G4 have the unique ability to stand on clouds, and can use this ability to manipulate the weather by moving clouds and causing them to rain. Many Pegasi work in Cloudsdale's weather factory, which also makes things like snowflakes and rainbows. If Pegasi are drained of their magic, they are unable to fly.
There is an elite flying team of Pegasi called the Wonderbolts who regularly perform, race and make appearances around Equestria. Some places with high Pegasus populations include Cloudsdale, which is almost Pegasus-exclusive due to being made out of clouds, and Las Pegasus, which does have roadways that allow other species to visit.
Generation 5
Pegasi were unable to fly for many, many generations in Equestria, after the separation of the unity crystals caused a loss of magic. Once they were reunited, Pegasi regained their Flight magic, while unicorns regained Float magic and earth ponies got Flora magic. It took lots of Pegasi a while to get used to their new abilities, and some flight schools opened up in the meantime.
While they were never shown interacting with clouds by the generation's end, leaked production materials reveal that weather manipulation magic was intended to be reintroduced at some point.
Many Pegasi live in the technologically-advanced mountaintop city of Zephyr Heights. Lots of Pegasi are into social media and have a great love for their monarch, Queen Haven. Pegasi tend to be slightly smaller and lither than other species, and their wings are much more colourful than in past generations.